Carrefour company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carrefour organization - Assignment Example things, items, food and stock and, optionally, giving inside the said stores all administrations that might bear some significance with the clients was the motivation behind setting up Carrefour (2012, p.272). This multi-design, multi-channel and multi-nearby gathering includes 9,994 stores which works in thirty three distinct nations. Followed by the principal hypermarket which was opened in 1963 in Sainte-Geneviã ¨ve-des-Bois (Essonne), the organization out-sourced in 1973, beginning business in Spain (2012, p.05). During the successive years Carrefour extended all through the Europe, America, Middle-East and Asia and at present, in excess of 10 million clients every year visit Carrefour stores while 25,000 providers give new food, basic food item and different things, for example, little house-hold products, materials, home apparatuses (photograph gear, DVDs, sound and mixed media hardware) to its stores which are set up around the world. The goal of the current examination is to break down the exercises and technique of Carrefour which prompts its upper hand in the market and embrace Porter’s five powers rivalry hypothesis model (Carrefour, 2012). The chief hazard factors in the business have been distinguished and ordered via Carrefour. These hazard factors incorporate, 1) business condition: Political and social condition, Economic condition and market instability, Environment, pressure and administrative changes, Changes in the division and the serious Environment, Natural calamities and environmental change, Terrorism and wrongdoing 2) methodology and administration: Strategy definition, alteration and execution, Compliance and reasonable practices, Corporate duty, Environment, Disputes/Litigation 3) tasks: Relevance and execution of monetary and plans of action, Operational and money related control of development and extension, Partnerships and diversifying, Control of the flexibly chain, Product quality, consistence and security, Safety of individuals and property, Human asset the executives, Continuity,

College Admissions Essay: A Pivotal Time in My Life :: College Admissions Essay

A Pivotal Time in My Life  My mom read The Yearling so anyone might hear to me when I was eight. I have consistently thought of that time - those evenings when she read, situated in the corridor outside the rooms, my sister tuning in from her room and me from mine - our rooms were dim, and the light was on Mother, and her voice was unmistakable and expressive; she was a decent peruser - I have thought of that as a vital time in my writing life. Perusing for me, up to that point, had been The Bobbsey Twins, Mary Poppins, Alice in Wonderland, Winnie the Pooh, and Nancy Drew: a mix of works of art and schlock, and I adored everything. However, it was independent from me. It was not genuine. They were stories, and they held my advantage and made me chuckle from time to time - yet they were rarely genuine. In any case, presently, with my own dad far away on business, my mom sat discreetly in that passage and read of the kid named Jody whose father, nibbled by a poisonous snake, is battling to live. He squeezed his face into hanging covers and cried sharply, my mom read of Jody (and I, tuning in, squeezed my own face into my cushion in anguish for Jody). He was torn with loathe for all passing and pity for all aloneness, she read. It was the book, The Yearling, and its impact on me, that coordinated my perusing from that point on. After I had met Jody Baxter, I would not like to spend time with Nan and Bert Bobbsey until the end of time.

100 Must-Read Books in and about Chicago

100 Must-Read Books in and about Chicago Ah, Chicago. The Windy City. The Second City. The Best City in the United States of America. The City with the Best Skyline, Certainly Better Than New York or Whatever. The City with the Best Pizza. The City of Hot Dogs, No Ketchup. Weve got 100 books in and about Chicago. We have fiction, nonfiction, and â€" bonus! â€" plays and poetry. Mystery, coming-of-age, adventure, history, sociology, race, class. We have it all. Oh, and a book about the 1985 Bears and another about Michael Jordan, because duh. Ever hear of a swell guy named Barack Obama? Hes from Chicago. Fiction 47th Street Black by Bayo Ojikutu An Abundance of Katherines by John Green The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow American Gods by Neil Gaiman Beautiful Bastard by Christina Lauren Binding Arbitration by Elizabeth Marx Black Iris by Leah Raeder Bodies in Motion: Stories by Mary Anne Mohanraj Building Stories by Chris Ware Caramelo by Sandra Cisneros Chasing Vermeer by Blue Balliett Chicago by Alaa Al Aswany Chicago Noir: The Classics by Joe Meno Chicago Stories: 40 Dramatic Fictions by Michael Czyzniejewski Coffee Will Make You Black by April Sinclair The Daughters by Adrienne Celt Divergent by Veronica Roth Divine Days by Leon Forrest The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore by Benjamin Hale A Fans Notes by Frederick Exley For Fallon by Soraya Naomi Free Burning by Bayo Ojikutu The Fugue by Gint Aras Generosity: An Enhancement by Richard Powers The Good Girl by Mary Kubica Good Kings Bad Kings by Susan Nussbaum Hairstyles of the Damned by Joe Meno The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros The Hundred-Year House by Rebecca Makkai I Sailed with Magellan by Stuart Dybek Indemnity Only by Sara Paretsky The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Kinda Sorta American Dream: Collected Stories by Steve Karas The Lazarus Project by Aleksandar Hemon Living With The Devil by Lori Hart, Cindy Hart Malicious Masquerade by Alan Cupp The Middlesteins by Jami Attenberg Native Son by Richard Wright Neanderthal Seeks Human by Penny Reid O, Democracy! by Kathleen Rooney The Old Neighborhood by Bill Hillmann The Paris Wife by Paula McLain Perfect Symmetry by Simone Elkeles A Proper Pursuit by Lynn Austin The Reason for Time by Mary Burns Secrets of Sloane House by Shelley Gray The Silent Wife by A.S.A. Harrison Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser So Big by Edna Ferber Something Like Summer by Jay Bell Sophomoric Philosophy by Victor David Giron Storm Front by Jim Butcher Then We Came to the End by Joshua Ferris The Time Traveler’s Wife by Audrey Niffenegger Vibrizzio by Nicki Elson White Collar Girl by Renee Rosen Yummy: The Last Days of a Southside Shorty by G. Neri Nonfiction American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto by Sudhir Venkatesh Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in the City by Mary Pattillo Blood Runs Green: The Murder That Transfixed Gilded Age Chicago by Gillian OBrien Bossypants by Tina Fey Chicago: City on the Make by Nelson Algren Chicago Flashbulbs: A Quarter Century of News, Politics, Sports, and Show Business by Cory Franklin Chicago Haunts: Ghostly Lore of the Windy City by Ursula Bielski City Life: Coming of Age in Chicago by John G. Linehan City of Scoundrels: The 12 Days of Disaster That Gave Birth to Modern Chicago by Gary Krist Cook County ICU: 30 Years of Unforgettable Patients and Odd Cases by Cory Franklin Crook County: Racism and Injustice in Americas Largest Criminal Court by Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve The Defender: How the Legendary Black Newspaper Changed America by Ethan Michaeli The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America by Erik Larson Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance by Barack Obama Family Properties: Race, Real Estate, and the Exploitation of Black Urban America by Beryl Satter Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets by Sudhir Venkatesh Gangland Chicago: Criminality and Lawlessness in the Windy City by Richard C Lindberg The Girls of Murder City: Fame, Lust, and the Beautiful Killers who Inspired Chicago by Douglas Perry Gold Coast Madam: The Secret Life of Rose Laws by Rose Laws High Rise Stories: Voices from Chicago Public Housing by Audrey Petty Just Add Water: Making the City of Chicago by Renee Kreczmer Lost Chicago by John Paulett Meaty: Essays by Samantha Irby Michael Jordan: The Life by Roland Lazenby Monsters: The 1985 Chicago Bears and the Wild Heart of Football by Rich Cohen My Kind of Sound: The Secret History of Chicago Music by Steve Krakow Negroland by Margo Jefferson Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor by Sudhir Venkatesh Relish: My Life in the Kitchen by Lucy Knisley Sin in the Second City: Madams, Ministers, Playboys, and the Battle for America’s Soul by Karen Abbott Slaughterhouse: Chicagos Union Stock Yard and the World It Made  by Dominic A. Pacyga The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation by Natalie Y. Moore South Side Girls: Growing Up in the Great Migration by Marcia Chatelain The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service by Laura Kaplan Strike for America: Chicago Teachers Against Austerity by Micah Uetricht Sweetness: The Enigmatic Life of Walter Payton by Jeff Pearlman There are No Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America by Alex Kotlowitz Who Do You Serve, Who Do You Protect? Police Violence and Resistance in the United States by Maya Schenwar The Working Mans Reward: Chicagos Early Suburbs and the Roots of American Sprawl by Elaine Lewinnek Yes Please by Amy Poehler Plays/Poetry Chicago Poems by Carl Sandburg Maud Martha by Gwendolyn Brooks A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry

Racism During The 19th Century - 1461 Words

During the 19th century, racism was an established and widely accepted ideology throughout the Antebellum South. Both Frederick Law Olmsted and John C. Calhoun portray typical racist ideology during the 19th century in Antebellum South. In his travelogue of the South, â€Å"A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States; With Remarks on Their Economy†, Olmsted advocated for the free soil movement. On the other hand, Calhoun advocated for slavery in his 1837 speech, â€Å"The ‘Positive Good’ of Slavery† before the United States Senate. The free soil movement was an anti-slavery movement that in fact did not advocate for equal rights among blacks and whites, but advocated that free men on free soil was a superior system to traditional slavery. Surprisingly, anti-slavery was much different to abolitionism. The goal of abolitionism was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the establishment of equal rights among blacks and whites. The goal of anti-slavery was th e eventual emancipation of all slaves with the understanding that blacks were inferior to whites. Although both advocated for two distinct social standards for the African American people, both had incorporated within their ideology the racist concept that African Americans and their ancestors were inferior to white Americans. Calhoun, during his speech before the Senate, argued the â€Å"Positive Good† of slavery. Calhoun attempted to sway his audience into believing that slavery was not the evil or immoral act as portrayed hisShow MoreRelatedRacism And Slavery During The 19th Century2451 Words   |  10 PagesRacism is not just restricted to slavery and blacks, racism can be applied to anyone, and in 19th century England this was a huge problem. The 19th century was a trying time for those who were concerned with the abolition of slavery, those who were opposed to it were greatly concerned about losing their wealth or just concerned with the principle of a lower race being free. However those who were opposed to slavery were sick of seeing other humans being treated so poorly and saw it as inhuman.Read MoreRelationship Between Race and Capitalism Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst the exploiter. Racism is primarily rooted in the historical development of capitalist as a world system. This has been proven through several centuries to be a flexible and useful method for the possessing classes. Racism justified genocide and conquest, on which established the European colonial empires. Racism rationalized the slave trade, which spurred the primitive accumulation of capital needed for the industrial revolution. The existence of racism may be explained in three waysRead MoreRediscovering The American Frontier Of The United States882 Words   |  4 Pagesexpansionism in the Frontier. However severe the conflicts were with the Native Americans many other conflicts arose, including on the Mexican Frontier. The United States during the mid-1800s was developing an interest in westward expansion into the Frontier. These ideas subconsciously then became the phenomenon of the 19th century, because Americans believed that in order to solidify America as one of the largest, most powerful countries in the world expansion within the North American continent wouldRead MoreRacism And Social Darwinism And Its Impact On The World958 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact of racism and Social Darwinism, so his response is understandable because he experienced the issues that took place. He was born on June 26, 1913, when France controlled Martinique, so he experienced colonial issues. More importantly, the author sa w how Europeans used colonialism against themselves when the Nazi’s exterminated the Jews. On a theoretical level, Cesaire demonstrated how white colonized themselves after the 19th century, but this already occurred before the 15th century. For exampleRead MoreInequality: Race And Racism. The Race Is A Social Construct1371 Words   |  6 PagesInequality: Race and Racism The race is a social construct that has real life consequences. The race is a fiction created by the dominant part of the society in order to legitimize their supremacy on those they wish to regulate. Racism: a term that was first coined by the Nazis in the 1930s in their attempt to make Germany clean of Jews . The race is a social construct that has both biological and cultural aspects but not based on scientific truths. The origin of the racial differences can be trackedRead MoreAmerican Racial Stereotyping Hampered Chinese Immigrants Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesnative-born Americans. Anti-Chinese sentiments greatly proliferated throughout the United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Sui Sin Far, the author of the short story â€Å"Her Chinese Husband,† delineates how the prejudice of society against interracial marriage between a white woman and a Chinese man challenges both Minnie Carson and Liu Kanghi as a couple in the late 19th century. On the other hand, Frank Norris, the author of the short story â€Å"The Third Circle,† depicts an engagedRead MoreThe Effect Of Slavery During The 19th Century1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Slavery Plato, a great philosopher, once stated, â€Å"Dictatorship naturally arises out of democracy, and the most aggravated form of tyranny and slavery out of the most extreme liberty.† During the 19th century in America, extreme liberty was exactly what the South had. The South was characterized by slavery not just because Southerners owned slaves, but because slavery directly affected the way of Southern life. Unfortunately, by enforcing the slaveholding liberties of white SouthernersRead MoreMark Twain s Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1562 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) Introduction Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835- April 21, 1910), commonly known as Mark Twain was an American writer whose works act as social commentary on issues including racism, poverty and class distinctions. His most distinguished novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) convey the vanquished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi Valley and life on the river. His unpretentious, colloquialRead MoreEssay Racism Has Always Existed in America570 Words   |  3 PagesRacism was evident in America since the time when the puritans crossed over the Atlantic to find new meaning and life. The Native American Indians were driven out, slaughtered and later confined to a territory similar to how the Chinese workers and immigrants were during the end of 19th century. The 100,000 Chinese living in the U.S. who sailed over to accumulate some wealth and go back to China, were subject to discriminatory treatment which was mainly due t o racial difference. They had to sufferRead MoreEssay On How Have We Fail1123 Words   |  5 Pagesto make that vision a reality since these values are the very foundation of America. But throughout history, America has suffered from racism, injustice, exploitation of labor and gender inequality, and is still suffering from such issues to some extent. Events like the establishment of Jim Crow system, thousands of labor strikes throughout the 19th and 20th century and the long struggle of women to earn equal rights only remind us of our failure. The belief that â€Å"all men are created equal† may have

International Relations Japan’s Engagement with China,...

Introduction The study of international relations rests on the premise that there is always a sensible way of explaining a nation’s grand strategy, for they would not survive otherwise. From the Classical Period to the Middle Ages, from the Renaissance to the twenty-first century, historians, statesman, and political theorists have attempted to provide reason and understanding behind the decisions made by nation-states. More often than not, whether through realism or liberalism, through social constructivism or even Marxism, the theories of international relations have been able to define the guidelines for decision-making. Yet, there are times when those choices are rather questionable, and a new explanation may be called for, one that†¦show more content†¦For this analysis, the level of engagement is measured in terms of economic indicators – official development, foreign direct investment, and trade – and by the absence of assertive policies (the pres ence of which would, under certain circumstances, signal a move away from engagement). Thus, the level of engagement is established on the upper threshold by high numbers of the indicators and by the absence or low concern of assertive policies against the emerging threat, and on the lower threshold by a decrease in the indicators, an increase in assertive policies, or both; these two extremes are â€Å"cooperativeShow MoreRelatedJapan And China Relations During The End Of World War II1856 Words   |  8 PagesJapan and China have been in cold relations ever since the end of World War II. 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Also discussed is China’s growing status as a world super power and how thatRead MoreComparison Between Japan and Russia13811 Words   |  56 PagesBackground 4 Tsunami Devastates Japan 5 History 6 Geographical facts 8 Demographical facts 9 Economic facts 11 FOREIGN RELATIONS 13 Governmental facts 15 Infrastructural facts 16 Russia 18 Background 18 History 18 Geographical facts 20 Demographical facts 20 Economical Facts 20 FOREIGN RELATIONS 22 Governmental facts 22 Infrastructural facts 22 Cultural dimensions according to Geert Hofstede 24 Individualism 25 Read More How the United States Must Handle China and Its Military in the 21st Century4404 Words   |  18 Pagespolicies, and project their military might all while working to advance the global system. Enticing China to become a responsible pillar of the global system will be one of the greatest challenges of coming decades for the United States and the Western world-particularly since it appears for the moment China is uninterested in playing such a role. This is the unique situation the United States and China find themselves in, with so many mutual interests, and as the global economy begins to slow, challengesRead MoreForeign Trade of China13010 Words   |  53 PagesForeign Trade of China K.C. Fung University of California, Santa Cruz Hitomi Iizaka University of California, Santa Cruz Sarah Tong University of Hong Kong June 2002 Paper prepared for an international conference on â€Å"China’s Economy in the 21st Century†, to be held on June 24-25, 2002, Hong Kong. We would like to thank Alan Siu and Richard Wong for their encouragement. 1. 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The Impact of the Printing Press on Education Free Essays

Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ HTML XHTML Tag Quick Reference This reference notes some of the most commonly used HTML and XHTML tags. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the Printing Press on Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not, nor is it intended to be, a comprehensive list of available tags. Details regarding the proper use of XHTML are at the end of this document. What It Is Basic Document Tags What It Does Indicates the start and end of an HTML Document Defines the portion of the document that contains essential formatting information. The material in the head is invisible. Defines the portion of the document that contains the visible information. Body Attributes What It Is What It Does Specifies the background color Specifies the text color Specifies the color of unfollowed links. Specifies the color of followed links. Specifies the color of links when they are clicked. NOTE: Body attributes may be combined within the body tag. Example: Text Tags What It Does The heading tags display text in sizes ranging from the ,, largest, h1, to the smallest, h6. These specifications ,, are intended to denote the importance data below the , heading. Specifies bold text. Specifies italics text. Specifies a typewriter or teletype-like text. Creates an emphasis on text that is rendered usually as italics, but sometimes as bold depending on the browser. Creates an emphasis on text that is usually rendered as bold, but sometimes as italics depending on the browser. Specifies the font size from 1 to 7. 1 is the largest, 7 the smallest, and 3 is generally the default size. Specifies font color. NOTE: Font attributes may be combined within the font tag. Example: Example of combined font attributes. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 What It Is Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Common Formatting Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Defines a paragraph. Defines paragraph alignment left, right, or center. Inserts a line break. Defines a block quote and indents text from both sides. Usually with some extra space above and below. Defines the beginning and end of an ordered list. Defines the beginning and end of an unordered list. Defines the beginning and end of a line within a list. Start a line with a number in an ordered list, and with a bullet in an unordered list. Image Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is (XHTML) What It Does Places and image. Specifies the alignment of an image; middle Specifies a border around and Specifies the alternative label for an for use nongraphical browsers. NOTE: Attributes within the font tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: What It Is (HTML) Horizontal Rule Tags What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Specifies the start of a horizontal rule. Specifies the height of a horizontal rule. Specifies the width of a horizontal 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 2 Interactive Media Center http://library. lbany. edu/imc/ rule in either pixels or percent. States that the horizontal rule should have no shade. NOTE: Attributes within the horizontal rule tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: Table Tags What It Is What It Does Specifies the beginning and end of a table. Specifies the beginning and end of a table row. Specifies the beginning and end of a table cell. Defines a table header. A normal cell with text that is bold and centered. Specifies the size of the border around a table and cells within the table. Specifies the space between cells. Specifies the amount of space between the border of a cell and the items within the cell. Specifies the width of a table in either pixels or percent. Specifies the alignment of contents in a row of cells as either left, right, or center. Specifies the alignment of contents in a cell as either left, right, or center. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in a row of cells as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in cell as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the number of columns a cell will span. Specifies the number of rows a cell will span. Stops text from automatically line wrapping. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 3 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML can be thought of as an upgraded and stricter version of HTML 4. 01. It is not much more difficult to write XHTML than it is to write properly formed HTML. There are some simple rules that must be followed. The most important rules are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ XHTML tags must all be in lower case. XHTML elements must be nested correctly. All XHTML tag elements must be closed. Documents written in XHTML must be well-formed. Examples of lower case rule: This is incorrect. This is correct. Examples of the nesting rule: This is incorrect nesting. This is correct nesting. Examples of the closed tag rule: This horizontal rule tag is not closed- This horizontal rule tag is closed- This image tag is not closed- This image tag is properly closed- Examples of the well-formed document rule: XHTML documents must have the proper structure. This means all components must be within the opening and closing HTML tags, . Internal elements must be correctly nested and located properly. The basic components and structure of an XHTML document are 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 4 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML Syntax Rules XHTML requires that some basic rules of syntax be followed. As with the tag rules noted above, XHTML syntax is not much more difficult that correctly formed HTML. These rules are, however, much stricter and must not be violated. These rules follow. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Attributes must be quoted. The Name attribute is replaced by the ID attribute Attribute shorthand must not be used. DOCTYPE statement must be used. The DOCTYPE statement is part of Document Type Definition, DTD, and is used to specify which syntax is used in the Web page. ) Examples of the quoted attribute rule: This is incorrect- This is correct- Examples of the Name attribute replacement rule: This is incorrect- This is the correct substitution- Examples of the no shorthand rule: This is an example of improper shorthand- This is the same tag corre ctly written without shorthand- Examples of DOCTYPE statements: This is a page without a statement 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 5 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Example of a page with a DOCTYPE statement Note that the DOCTYPE statement goes ahead of the opening HTML tag, . The statement is not part of the HTML document and does not have a closing tag. It is used to tell a browser how to render the document. There are three DOCTYPE statements. Statement used to create clutter-free presentations and when Cascading Style Sheets are used: Statement used when HTML presentational features are present and when it is desirable to support older browsers that do not understand Style Sheets: Statement used when frames are incorporated into the design of the page: 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 6 How to cite The Impact of the Printing Press on Education, Papers

The Impact of the Printing Press on Education Free Essays

Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ HTML XHTML Tag Quick Reference This reference notes some of the most commonly used HTML and XHTML tags. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the Printing Press on Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not, nor is it intended to be, a comprehensive list of available tags. Details regarding the proper use of XHTML are at the end of this document. What It Is Basic Document Tags What It Does Indicates the start and end of an HTML Document Defines the portion of the document that contains essential formatting information. The material in the head is invisible. Defines the portion of the document that contains the visible information. Body Attributes What It Is What It Does Specifies the background color Specifies the text color Specifies the color of unfollowed links. Specifies the color of followed links. Specifies the color of links when they are clicked. NOTE: Body attributes may be combined within the body tag. Example: Text Tags What It Does The heading tags display text in sizes ranging from the ,, largest, h1, to the smallest, h6. These specifications ,, are intended to denote the importance data below the , heading. Specifies bold text. Specifies italics text. Specifies a typewriter or teletype-like text. Creates an emphasis on text that is rendered usually as italics, but sometimes as bold depending on the browser. Creates an emphasis on text that is usually rendered as bold, but sometimes as italics depending on the browser. Specifies the font size from 1 to 7. 1 is the largest, 7 the smallest, and 3 is generally the default size. Specifies font color. NOTE: Font attributes may be combined within the font tag. Example: Example of combined font attributes. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 What It Is Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Common Formatting Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Defines a paragraph. Defines paragraph alignment left, right, or center. Inserts a line break. Defines a block quote and indents text from both sides. Usually with some extra space above and below. Defines the beginning and end of an ordered list. Defines the beginning and end of an unordered list. Defines the beginning and end of a line within a list. Start a line with a number in an ordered list, and with a bullet in an unordered list. Image Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is (XHTML) What It Does Places and image. Specifies the alignment of an image; middle Specifies a border around and Specifies the alternative label for an for use nongraphical browsers. NOTE: Attributes within the font tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: What It Is (HTML) Horizontal Rule Tags What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Specifies the start of a horizontal rule. Specifies the height of a horizontal rule. Specifies the width of a horizontal 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 2 Interactive Media Center http://library. lbany. edu/imc/ rule in either pixels or percent. States that the horizontal rule should have no shade. NOTE: Attributes within the horizontal rule tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: Table Tags What It Is What It Does Specifies the beginning and end of a table. Specifies the beginning and end of a table row. Specifies the beginning and end of a table cell. Defines a table header. A normal cell with text that is bold and centered. Specifies the size of the border around a table and cells within the table. Specifies the space between cells. Specifies the amount of space between the border of a cell and the items within the cell. Specifies the width of a table in either pixels or percent. Specifies the alignment of contents in a row of cells as either left, right, or center. Specifies the alignment of contents in a cell as either left, right, or center. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in a row of cells as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in cell as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the number of columns a cell will span. Specifies the number of rows a cell will span. Stops text from automatically line wrapping. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 3 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML can be thought of as an upgraded and stricter version of HTML 4. 01. It is not much more difficult to write XHTML than it is to write properly formed HTML. There are some simple rules that must be followed. The most important rules are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ XHTML tags must all be in lower case. XHTML elements must be nested correctly. All XHTML tag elements must be closed. Documents written in XHTML must be well-formed. Examples of lower case rule: This is incorrect. This is correct. Examples of the nesting rule: This is incorrect nesting. This is correct nesting. Examples of the closed tag rule: This horizontal rule tag is not closed- This horizontal rule tag is closed- This image tag is not closed- This image tag is properly closed- Examples of the well-formed document rule: XHTML documents must have the proper structure. This means all components must be within the opening and closing HTML tags, . Internal elements must be correctly nested and located properly. The basic components and structure of an XHTML document are 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 4 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML Syntax Rules XHTML requires that some basic rules of syntax be followed. As with the tag rules noted above, XHTML syntax is not much more difficult that correctly formed HTML. These rules are, however, much stricter and must not be violated. These rules follow. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Attributes must be quoted. The Name attribute is replaced by the ID attribute Attribute shorthand must not be used. DOCTYPE statement must be used. The DOCTYPE statement is part of Document Type Definition, DTD, and is used to specify which syntax is used in the Web page. ) Examples of the quoted attribute rule: This is incorrect- This is correct- Examples of the Name attribute replacement rule: This is incorrect- This is the correct substitution- Examples of the no shorthand rule: This is an example of improper shorthand- This is the same tag corre ctly written without shorthand- Examples of DOCTYPE statements: This is a page without a statement 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 5 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Example of a page with a DOCTYPE statement Note that the DOCTYPE statement goes ahead of the opening HTML tag, . The statement is not part of the HTML document and does not have a closing tag. It is used to tell a browser how to render the document. There are three DOCTYPE statements. Statement used to create clutter-free presentations and when Cascading Style Sheets are used: Statement used when HTML presentational features are present and when it is desirable to support older browsers that do not understand Style Sheets: Statement used when frames are incorporated into the design of the page: 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 6 How to cite The Impact of the Printing Press on Education, Papers

Determination of the Identity of an Unknown Liquid free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment is to identify an unknown substance by measuring the density and boiling point. I will be able to conclude which substance is my own from a list of known options stating what its real boiling point and density is. My given unknown liquid code is G9R. This liquid is clear, has a fluid consistency similar to water, and has a strong odour that reminds me of alcohol When I was reading the Trial 1 temperature on the thermometer I was looking at it from the side, not straight on. When I went to read my next trial I noticed that by viewing it from the front the degrees seemed to actually be a few lower than the optical illusion it gives you from the side. Therefore because my trial 1 is way off from the other two I am not going to count it in my average boiling point calculation. We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of the Identity of an Unknown Liquid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My procedure was not correct. I did not turn off the gas, and stir gently while I saw the stream of bubbles coming out of the capillary tube. I left it on until I saw the liquid already being sucked up into it. This may have altered the results of the boiling point to a higher degree than the actual boiling point. Average boiling point = (87.1ÌŠC + 86.6ÌŠC) / 2=  86.9ÌŠC Average density was the main indicator of my substance I feel because it was the more accurate of the two tests. Boiling point is a lousy indicator because of my incorrect procedure. However that doesn’t make boiling point totally useless. The only data that was useless was my trial 1 temperature of my boiling point because I was reading the thermometer wrong. 2. The graduated cylinder felt pretty accurate, but I have a steady hand so it may have been easier for me than most others, the literature describes this device as being accurate +/- 0.5 which I got within of very easily. The volumetric pipette was hard to get the meniscus of the solution exactly right to the 10.00mL line, although the text says it is accurate +/- 0.01, so after a few times of trying to get it as close as possible the solution does end up being very close. I felt the burette was the most accurate of the three tools because of how slowly the liquid dripped out and how the measurements were already at eye level so gauging the meniscus to the desired amount of solution was very easy. Its accuracy is +/- 0.04 which seems realistic and easy to get within that point. I would use the burette if I were to repeat this experiment. 3. I felt there were no sources of error in the accuracy of measuring my density. The only experimental error would have been the accuracy of the devices themselves. 4. N 5. I excluded my trial 1 temperature of boiling point for my unknown liquid because I was reading the temperature gauge of the thermometer from the side which I realized was creating an illusion of making the temperature look hotter than it actually revealed from the front of the thermometer. 6. I do not think my boiling point was very accurate because my procedure of the experiment was incorrect. I wrote down the boiling point to be the point when I saw the liquid draining from the test tube, and therefore I thought it must’ve been going into the capillary tube but I couldn’t see because it was clear liquid, going into a clear tube, in clear water and it was hard to differentiate. 7. My boiling point was not as accurate as my density measurements because I was unable to tell the exact boiling point at any given time during my experiment, whereas, I was able to measure the density, +/- the uncertainty in my measuring devices, perfectly. 8. In order confidently determine what substance my â€Å"G9R† was I would have to do over  the boiling point experiment a couple of more times. I would turn the gas off and take the Bunsen burner away from the apparatus when the stream of bubbles started coming out from the mouth of the capillary tube. This would allow me to correctly determine when the atmospheric pressure was equal to the vapour pressure. I can narrow down my unknown substance to either Ethanol or 2-proponal. Ethanol’s density is only 0.001g/mL higher than my own measurements, but its boiling point is 8.4ÌŠC lower than GNR’s. Whereas 2-proponal’s density is off by 0.003g/mL and its boiling point is only off by 4.5ÌŠC. If I were to make an educated guess I would lean more towards Ethanol. Both the precision and accuracy of my data was far greater in density than in boiling point and Ethanol’s density is closer to GNR’s than any other substance. Works Cited Olmsted, John III; Williams, Greg; Burk, Robert C. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed.; John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Mississauga, Canada, 2010, pp 399 406 Koczanski, Krystyna; Xidos, James D. CHEM 1300 Laboratory Manual; UMSU Copy Centre: Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2013, pp 16

Japan and Germanys Military Threat on America free essay sample

An explanatory paper about the developments that led up to Japan and Germanys military threat on the U.S. in 1941 This paper takes look at the events that led up to the direct military threat that Japan and Germany imposed on America in 1941. The author examines the causes and U.S. responses to the threat. `Imperial Japan declared war on China in 1937. Regardless of this aggressive behavior, the United States was the single largest exporter of oil, iron ore (including scrap metal) and bauxite to Japan, despite reports that those materials were being used to build and modernize Japans military. In July 1941, finally recognizing the potential threat of Japan as an aggressor, the United States froze Japans assets and embargoed oil shipments. Unfortunately, the damage was done. Throughout the Pacific theater, our soldiers lost their lives at the hand of a military built with American steel and aided by American natural resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan and Germanys Military Threat on America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page `

My Plans for Becoming a Better Leader

My Plans for Becoming a Better Leader attributes I will seek to promote. I will engage in accommodation and non-tolerance leadership style. By accommodation, I must ensure that staff members have their social problems that might compromise their productivity are well addressed. However, as a leader, I will not tolerate unethical conduct among team members. Just to be appreciated is the fact that mistakes by staff members are detrimental to the performance and reputation of the church. This implies that compromising ethics is a negation to the sustainable long-term survival of the institution. Therefore, given the opportunity to serve in working with people in the church as a leader, I will seek to ensure ethical conduct among staff members in line with the provisions of the church.

Poor money management amongst americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poor money management amongst americans - Essay Example Money management is also significant in assessing the possible impacts of engaging in risk taking, especially where there are uncertainties. An individual draws a plan indicating the amount of money that he/she can risk to satisfy the needs and also remain on the safer side (Belk et al 2003). For the people trading in stocks and gambling amongst other businesses with high risk, money management is usually a significant tool to form the basis of decision making. It helps a person to be in control of his/her income and expenditures, whereby the expenditures are maintained at minimum levels compared to the income. Budgeting is one of the major tools for money management. It is important in giving guidelines for purchasing decisions. This paper is a critical evaluation of poor money management amongst the Americans. The reasons why Americans are so affected by the economy and what they can do to manage their finances better have been discussed. One of the aspects of poor money management is usually exhibited in the problems with personal debts. It happens that house holds have access to debts on their credit cards which they are free to use at any time when need arises. This can be a very helpful possession especially in case of eventualities that require money since an individual can settle family needs without much struggling to acquire finances. However, it becomes a problem when not effectively used. It has been established through studies that many Americans use credit cards without consideration of the fact that they accumulate debts which will have to be repaid at the end of the month (Evans et al 2006). Simple loans and overdrafts to satisfy personal needs are also a major contributor to the amount of debt that needs to be settled at the end of the month. When this time comes, the salary received is used to reinstate the debts owing, which leaves a person with little money to

To what extent do computational models support constructivist theories Essay

To what extent do computational models support constructivist theories of development - Essay Example On the other hand, few theorists declare it the outcome of child’s interaction with his environment, from where he learns how to act, react and behave at some specific situation. Several theories have been articulated on cognitive development, and researches have been made on different aspects of development in children; four of which have most significant influence on the language skill as well as kindergarten learning process during the initial years of children. These theories include Nativist, Maturationist, Environmentalist and Constructivists ones. Since the study of personality development is an exceedingly complex phenomenon, several theories have been articulated on the question of how a personality passes through different phases of growth from childhood to adolescence, and what are the components which determine transformations in a child from premature years to maturity. In addition, theorists analyse whether the behaviour in people is a learned one or man’s behaviours are due to uncontrollable genetic impulses. Also, variation in intensity of aggression and violence among people is due to difference in their hormones. â€Å"The only influence†, Cervone views, â€Å"which parents would have on their children’s personality is a biological one. They pass their genes on to their children. According to the trait theories, parents’ interpersonal interactions with their children would exert little effect on the child’s personality development.†(2001) Various cognitive theories have bee n articulated in order to examine the role of nature vs. nurture in the development of a personality. All the cognitive schools of thoughts have different views and ideas on child development process, though constructivist theory won imperative popularity and wonderful applause more than the comparatives theories. Piaget and Vygotsky are the pioneers

The Strategy Implementation Of Starbucks Management Essay

The Strategy Implementation Of Starbucks Management Essay The Strategic business management and planning process is becoming more and more widely used by small firms, large companies, non profit organizations, governmental companies as well as multinational companies. David (1995) The process of empowering managers and employees has almost limitless benefits. In this study we find the strategic business management and planning of Starbucks Company. Starbucks that provide the one of best coffee shop in the world. They are starting their journey from 1970. The name of the Starbucks Company is taken from a classic American novel in 19th century that is Herman Melvilles Moby Dick. starbucks To identify the goals and values of Starbucks, we analyses their glorious history. After journey their 1970s then 1980s join their company Howard Schultz in 1982s. In 1990s they are opening a publicly traded company. In 2000s we see that Starbucks established their branch more than 15000 locations across the globe. They offer new product in 2000s that are Tazo ® tea and Frappuccino ® ice blended beverages are more popular to the consumers. The goal of the Starbucks is that identifies achievement of this organization and analyzes their competitive position by discussing their previous experience. To achieve their goals they identify the relationship between different goals. They traced their business goal level to produced business goal hierarchy. Rational (2003) In the value of the Starbucks Company they identify the consumer behaviour to their company and employee. The make a statement about the value of the consumers, their suppliers and local community. Heathfield Characteristics of strategic business management and planning can be defined by the formulation of science and arts, cross functional decision implementation and evaluation that is capability of the company to reach their goals and objectives. These characteristics implies the strategic management and planning that are focused on the management integration, accounting/finance, marketing, operations, development and research and computer software information to gain the companys success. As this definition implies, strategic management focuses on integrating management, marketing, finance or accounting, production/operations, research and development, and computer information system to achieve organizational success. Kargar The characteristics of strategic business management can be categorized in three stages that are strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. In strategy formulation includes developing a business mission, identifying an organizations external opportunities and threats, determining internal strengths and weaknesses, establishing long term objectives, generating alternative strategies and choosing particular strategies to pursue. Strategy implementation is the action stage of strategic management. Implementation means mobilizing employees and managers to put formulated strategies into action. Strategy evaluation is the final stage in strategic management. Manager desperately needs to know particular strategies are not working well that means strategy evaluation is the primary means of obtaining this information. To develop business strategy and plan create a model that is conceptual framework of business model that are identifying the economic situation and provide the value of customer. In classic model that is give a picture about the customers, the value of the customers, and cost of the delivery to the customers and make profit, etc. In contemporary model used in business that are discuss about the product quality, types of product that are delivered to the customers. Here also consider about the services that are provide to the customers. In contemporary model also give a picture about the business operating system and organizing value. The external environment means impact of the forces of economy, influences of political issue, market competition, local culture, social impact, local environment, technology influences, etc. It can be simplify the customer requirement in industrial and customer goods and services. It can be impact on the developing goods categories, strategies of market division, different type performance offered, and the option of market policy and market competition. blurtit The Starbucks Company is running in more than 25 countries with United States of America. In the impact of external environment, they faced many training program for their employee, continue supervision and monitoring of the branch. They also need management market competition and keep patch with technology. The organizational governance is responsible for making the function of the organization. These functions are most effective and efficient for the company. They are regularly evaluating the function of the company by board of meeting. These organizational requirements are creating a committee to make an appropriate structure for this company that are influence their conditions and need. This governance requirement also influences to set flexible guidelines for the effective functioning for the company. The company forecast means which organizations deliberate and arrange for the future. It incorporates thinking the future results of this organizations decision. It depends the organizations full future, the future products outcomes, the future operations and programs, future infrastructure of this organization. MXI (2010)To take the company forecast, it sometimes solves many questions that are arising of this company. These questions may be companys future profit that is loss or gain, their product demand growing in the competitive market, etc. The most important forecasting is the financial change forecasting. It helps the organizations to take right decision in right time. For this reason, organization can prevent their financial loss. By taking change forecasting, they can increase their product quality and reach their target product within a short time. In order to shape strategic option, the Starbucks company forecast changes by ensure unanimity of purpose within the organization. And provide a basis, or standard, for allocating organizational resources and establish a general tone and organizational climate. And serve as a focal point for individuals to identify with the organizations purpose and direction and to deter those who cannot from participating further in the organizations activities. This also specifies organizational purposes and the translations of these purposes into objectives in such a way that cost, time, and performance parameters can be assessed and controlled. It is also facilitate the translation of objectives into work structure involving the assignment of responsible elements within the organization. Starbucks are coming with variety of premium coffee retailer with other snacks and sandwiches. They have worldwide network of over 37 countries that are well impression and good image from many other coffee shop. This network skill provides this company a high prominent power than other coffee company. This company currently strong depend on the United States market depended. It generally target and competitive with middle and high earners coffee houses. As example of Bulgaria market that valuable market place for this company. Another reason that is Bulgaria is the membership of the early stage in European Union. Another valuable market place is in Sweden, where many other coffee shops are failing in competition with Starbucks. Starbuck (2007) 3.2 The Appropriate strategies for emerging, maturing and declining competitive positions are described in below: Get a new global market first. Trying to gain market share from well entrenched competitors is exceptionally difficult. Invest in new technology. Successfully firms in the 1990s are going to utilize the most efficient technology. Consider alternative sourcing. Locate manufacturing facilities in low labour cost areas of the world. Install the right managerial system. Ensure that managers in foreign markets understand the culture and languages in host countries. Take early losses if necessary. Sacrifice short term profit for long term rewards. Join forces with competitors. Collaborate with competitors who have expertise in other parts of the value chain. Johnson ( 2008) 3.3 Any uncertain happen in a company is called risk that is impact of this company. The risk will be coming from different sides that are organization strategic risk, risk of finance, operational risk and compliance and legal risk. Lynch (2005) These risks are impact in every company look like in Starbucks. Most of the impact is coming from the financial risk. Because finance is main backbone of any kind of business. In operational risk impact the daily activities of this company. Risk impact can be categorized in low medium and high. In high risk impact are serious risk in funds, reputation and operation. And in medium risk impact is significant risk occurring of fund, reputation and operation. And in low risk impact is less significant impact of those fields that is mentioned above. Success of a business depends on the product and services that are provided to the customer in the competitive market on a global basis, not in the local thinking. Any company or organization is going to be loose position, if they are not keep patch with the competitive market and good range of product price. In the world every remote and every corner of the world are cover by the global market that is called globalization. Cultural, industrial policies, joint venturing, and exporting are important in the strategic management process of international firms. As a world economics and consumption patterns become increasingly similar and interrelated, political and economic changes represent major changes major opportunities for or threats. scribd There are different kinds of stakeholders that are impact on a company. scribd The primary stack holders that are customers and suppliers without those any company have no existence. And the secondary stakeholder is the community without this company can be exit. And there are another stake holders are active stake holders and passive stake holders that means active stake holders are employees and managers and passive stake holders are local community and government of this country. Stake holders are impact the companys present and future strategies in different ways. The external impacts are from competitors, customers, market situations, product suppliers and from local government. And the internal impacts are coming form company management, manager, stuff or employees, etc. To understand the impact of the stake holders in a strategic business management and planning its need priorities of the stake holders that are low and high power impact of stake holders. The high impact of sta ke holders means where company are fully engage about this impact. And low power impact where company have no concern at all about this impact. The business activity of the Starbucks Company is wide range. They operating in the many number of the countries and where environmental factor is play an important role. They need proper respond about environmental factor and need to make strategic planning. Every factor is coming from different channel, so its need to flexible responding to existence of this company. As we know that, Starbucks the world famous premier company in the coffee world. They always try to purchase their raw material that is coffee bean must be in high quality for this why they can serve the consumers the best coffee drinks. They believe that they need always happy of their customers that are depending on the future of the company and reputation of the company. A successful strategic management and planning are depend on supports from all sides that external, internal, and discipline in the company, motivation of the employee, hard working from all managers and employees. That is depending on the size and type of organizations, other management issues could be equally important to successfully strategy management in a company.

Explore Owen’s Use of Metaphor in Mental Cases Essay

Mental Cases, written in 1918 by Wilfred Owen, explores the damage and deterioration of the minds of soldiers as a direct result of the First World War. Owen’s determination to make known the horror of war mentally is evident throughout; his use of facts increases his ability to shock – it is his tactic almost. He describes in absolute detail the horrendous, physical symptoms of mental torment and emphasises that it was not only physical injury that left its mark, but that memories made such an impact that it could reduce men to wrecks. The use of metaphor; a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance, will be explored further throughout Owen’s poem ‘Mental Cases.’ Whilst it is clear almost immediately that Owen intends to shock the reader, it also becomes evident that his aim is at once more refined and more complicated than that simple desire to shock. It is through his use of metaphor that he achieves this; if he simply intended to alarm the reader he could state in simple terms the psychological effect on these soldiers, but by using metaphor he explores their psyche in a much more visceral, provoking and sensory manner. The reader is taken aback by the words that Owen uses, but the real shock is essentially confirmed through his use of metaphor. The reader feels a deeper sense of just how horrific the situation is for these soldiers. The use of the words ‘flying muscles’ create images of fragility and gore but the use of ‘shatter’ as a metaphorical description of these muscles has a deeper impact; it is the external imagery that generates the primary shock. But it is through the use of metaphors such as ‘These are men whose minds the dead have ravished’ that we perceive a much stronger sense of their suffering. The idea that the dead can inflict so much agony and fear into the lives of these ‘set-smiling corpses’ is a horrific one. And yet through this one metaphor we can appreciate the pain of their suffering so much more than through the actual, numerous images that scar their minds. One gets the impression, while reading this poem that ‘these’ men are directly in front us. They lose their individuality and identity but through Owen’s use of direct speech to the reader we feel their presence strongly. Through Owen’s use of intense imagery and metaphors we are able to feel a nuance of what ‘they’ must feel in their unstable, traumatised predicament. â€Å"Sunlight seems a blood – smear; night comes blood black; Dawn breaks open like a wound that bleeds afresh.† These connotations of death, injury and loss surround their every waking and sleeping moment. It is not possible for these men to now know any different than the explosion of bombs, the raining of gunfire and the screaming of the dying, the smell of the dead, ‘Always they must see these things and hear them.’ The personification of pain, misery, memory and the dead all add to the sense of personality loss of these men. Misery ‘swelters,’ they are men that the ‘Dead have ravished,’ ‘memory fingers in their hair of murder.’ These men are not their own; they are conflated into mere ‘things’ through the metaphorical personification of abstract nouns. The form of the poem could be seen as a metaphor in conjunction with these men’s loss of identity; there are instances throughout the poem that could be related to anything but war but are then drawn back to the idea of battle. â€Å"Ever from their hair and through their hands’ palms / Misery swelters. Surely we have perished/ Sleeping, and walk hell; but who these hellish? It is the ambiguity of these ideas that connects with the ambiguity of the men. Mental Cases could also be seen as an extended metaphor of purgatory. Purgatory, as believed in the Roman Catholic Church, is a state in which the souls who have died in grace must expiate their sins, a place or condition of suffering, expiation or remorse.[1] Perhaps it is Owen’s way of emphasising the injustice of their sufferings; they have done nothing but good for their country and are now being ‘rewarded’ with the same handling of those souls in purgatory. Those souls who have sinned and now, only subsequent to their deaths are learning to be truly good again in order to save themselves from an infinity in Hell. Another argument could be that it creates feelings of liminality – these men are locked in something entirely different to anything we know, another world. The archaic use of the word ‘wherefore’ provides a certain biblical weight to the moral insinuations of their conditions. These ‘purgatorial shadows’ sit in a metaphorical hellish existence, the tortured gesticulations of their ‘drooping tongues,’ ‘jaws that slob their relish’ and their ‘baring teeth’ create an image of dehumanisation for the reader and through the effective use of metaphor we can relate these images of disability to the shell-shocked men, enabling us to conjure up an easier image, one that we are more accustomed to. The images of the disabled are a part of our daily life whereas those of the shell-shocked have probably been witnessed never by the reader. Owen’s employment of androgynous characters in the first stanza with the use of ‘these,’ ‘they’ and ‘their’ could be metaphorically symbolic of the Harlequin, first introduced in Dante’s Inferno. The Harlequin, a clown-like figure with hardly recognisable human qualities, is a genderless being who is tormented with a mental incapacity in Dante’s purgatorial ‘land.’ The ‘drooping tongues from jaws that slob their relish’ and the Harlequin share those inadequacies of the mind and are linked by a ‘human’ form that is somewhat distorted – the Harlequin through the use of cosmetics, reversible and without them, recognisable, these others by the perpetration of war and trapped with them forever. Dante’s Inferno and Mental Cases do also bear other resemblances through the use of metaphors; in part one of Dante’s Inferno, creative punishments are used to inflict a mental an d psychological pain on the protagonist. It is a pain which is purely vindictive and designed to inflict an emotional agony. This is one of two types of punishment that Dante uses. The first he borrows from forms of medieval torture and is physically agonising to the victims, the second is the punishment for sins committed. The ‘multitudinous murders that they once witnessed’ are the torturous punishments that are bestowed on these ‘purgatorial shadows,’ but it is the punishment for sins committed where the similarities must come to an end. Yes, like Dante, these men appear to be living in a limbo, a purgatorial existence, but because we know nothing of their previous sins, we cannot pass any judgement on whether they deserve to be where they are or not. The use of this metaphor continues to create these feelings of loss and opacity. Owen’s ability to make his words physical is achieved through the use of metaphor. While some would argue that it is his intense imagery that feeds our imagination, others would say it is his capacity to connect catholic ideas with the torment of these men to create metaphors that allow us to comprehend their situation. While he manages to convey this sense of loss, agony and torment, he does so in a way that screams detachment to an almost harsh level. Throughout the poem, his sympathy is essentially non-existent; it is important to note that he does not sympathise with these men as such but states why they are as they are. We see this ‘tactic’ to shock after his use of the metaphor in the third stanza, lines 3-4; â€Å"Sunlight seems a blood – smear; night comes blood black; Dawn breaks open like a wound that bleeds afresh.† This is then justified, almost as if even the poet himself cannot quite comprehend the extremity of their situation; as though he must write it down in its most brutal form in order to understand fully the extent of these men’s perdition. The whole poem, it could be argued, is in this way a metaphor in itself. The poet’s inability to comprehend fully the post-war effects on these men, results in a wording that reflects the mental capacity of the disabled; brutally honest, forthright and with no sparing of emotion. We witness his ‘explanation’ post metaphor; ‘Thus their heads wear this hilarious, hideous, awful falseness of set-smiling corpses.’ It could, however, be argued that Owen is simply using this approach to present to the reader the stigma of shell-shock. Throughout WW1, shell-shock was considered to be a neurological illness and, as a result of the war, something that should be pitied, apologised for and something that should not lead to the social outcast of its victims. This did not, however alter the treatment of these victims. It was easy to pity them from afar but when confronted by them, people would have been uncomfortable, uneasy and awkward. This would arise from the inability to converse with the afflicted, the appearance of their ‘fretted sockets’ and ‘’hideous awful falseness.’ Owen, it must be understood is not like these healthy but distanced people; he embraces the soldiers pain and converts it into a metaphor so vivid, enabling us to understand more their predicament. In conclusion, Owen’s use of metaphor is used to such a successful extent, that it allows the reader to imagine a type of person inflicted with the horrors of war in a way that would not be possible otherwise. It is, I feel, important to re-iterate the significant difference between imagery and metaphor. Yes, Owen’s use of powerful imagery is used effectively, but it is through his use of unrelenting metaphor that we receive an insight into the broken, dishevelled minds and bodies of the shell-shocked soldiers of World War One.

Critical Analysis of ‘Prelude’ by Katherine Mansfield Essay

Catherine Mansfield revolutionized the 20th Century English short story. In her works, she breaks away from the tradition of plots and endings. Her works are open-ended. She is the earlier writer who used the technique of stream-of-consciousness in her writings. Where, Plot is secondary to characters. Her prose gives a vivid and strong picture of ordinary lives. Her literary creations are masterpieces in the sense that they raise discomforting questions about identity, belonging and desire. She is a writer from New Zealand who retains the memories of her childhood spend in her country. ‘Prelude’ is a modern short story by New Zealander Mansfield. There are noteworthy autobiographical elements in ‘Prelude’. The theme and the characters are composed on the persons, she has known in her own life. The readers get a glimpse in to the minds of the characters. She uses extensive imagery from nature to hint at hidden layers of meaning of human life. As a literary work of art, ‘Prelude’ is a written narrative fiction, where there is a third-person narrator who is not in the story but an outsider observing from a distance. Character dominates over the plot. The story actually is a vivid picture of psychological state of mind of the characters. From the definition of narration by Ismail S Talib, we find that it is dualistic in nature. It consists of two elements: story and discourse. The story is the content and the discourse is the arrangement, emphasis or magnification of any of the elements of the content. In Katherine Mansfield’s ‘Prelude’, there is a story and the discourse is the journey from one consciousness to another. Finally emphasis is on analysing human mind. Regarding the end of narrative, in this regard, Chatman has said: ‘No end, in reality, is ever final in the way â€Å"The End† of a novel or film is’ (1978). There is another form of narrative where the end is not clear or explicit. It is ‘open end’ fiction. From the late nineteenth century onwards, this form has been extensively used by writers. According to the narrative theory, there is internal as well as external setting. External is the location where the action takes place and internal is the psychological state of the person. ‘Prelude’ deals with the psychological state of mind of Burrell family. According to this theory, there are different types of narrator. One of the types is third person-omniscient ‘who can move from place to place and backwards and forwards in time, and does not merely concentrate on the consciousness of one character’. In ‘Prelude’, it is the third person narrator who gilds from one consciousness to another in the course of the story. There is another concept in this theory; schema which ‘is a collection of the generic proper ¬ties of a meaningful category which is stored in a person’s memor ¬y for future retrieval’. In’ Prelude’, the author relies on her memories of life spend in her native country for her composition. The theory states that some characters are driving force behind some plots. Similarly, in ‘Prelude’, the plot will collapse without the characters in it. The characters bind the story together. The story is all about the expectations, inner turmoil, happiness and unhappiness of the adult characters. Modernism is a continuous project that incorporates within itself all serious change and progress. Modernism became a distinct cultural movement in the fist of twentieth century. The philosophic foundations of modernism are traced to the period between Marx Einstein. Darwin in his book â€Å"The Origin of Species† (1859) propounded the theory of evolution which is seen as an important step towards the development of modern mindset. The theory attacked the traditional beliefs regarding God. Next on the line was Freud’s theory of dreams. He considered dream as a â€Å"product of repressed desires† which created a stir in the realm of ideas. The concept of a definable unified normative self gave way to discontinuous, divided self. Self was then considered as the hidden designs of the unconscious. Psychoanalysis paved the path towards quest for self-knowledge. Short story evolved as an autonomous genre and became an important medium of expressing the petty and small truths and lies of human existence. The story developed from depicting the realism of life to more being allusive, ambivalent and self-reflexive. According to the book ‘Modernism’ by Peter Child, the meaning of the term ‘Modernism ‘is variously defined: as a genre, style, period or combination of all three. It stems from the term ‘modern’, taken from Latin word ‘modo’ which means anything ‘current’. The modernism in prose represents consciousness, perception, emotion, meaning and individuals’ relation to society in the form of internal monologue, stream-of-consciousness, irresolution and other techniques. In the phrase of Ezra Pound, ‘make it new’. By expressing the sensibilities of the time: of the city, of war, mass production and communication, New Women and aestheticism. It is expressed in compressed and complex form of literature. In literature, the focus shifts from broader moral concerns of society to deeper psychological problems of the individual, from external details of the events to their finer internal dynamics, and from a telescopic perspective of reality to a microscopic view of it. Another aspect of modern literature (form of art) as we find from the book ‘Modernism’ by Peter Child is that it is extremely compressed in the sense that it should be read with attention which is normally reserved for philosophy and poetry. Short story as a genre falls under written narrative fiction. Fictional narrative may refer to real people, actual places and events but it cannot be used as evidence of what happened in the real world. This story is a fictional narrative based on real life experience of the author. Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) is one of the few authors to attain prominence exclusively for short stories, and her works remain among the most widely read in world literature. .Her works are noted for their themes relating to women’s lives and social hierarchies as well as her sense of wit and characterizations. As a writer, she placed great emphasis to individual than to society. Her works are open-ended in the sense that it does not have a formalized ending to it. In her work ‘Prelude’, she applied the technique of ‘stream-of-consciousness’. She created her story on revealing the mental conflict of characters rather than the development of plot. The core idea raised by the story is that the narration delves in to the minds of the individuals. The tale does not have a conventional plot where the story unfolds through a sequence of events but focuses on a crisis or a mental conflict. We enter an individual consciousness to another. We get a glimpse of the mental state of the personas. In the course of the narration, very little ‘happens’ but the story gives us a vivid picture of personal crises that crucially affect each character’s internal well being while leaving the atmosphere of amiable, conventional family life intact. Kezia is a very imaginative child who find Parrot prints on the wallpaper as real parrots who ‘persisted in flying past Kezia with her lamp’. She also witnesses the killing of a chicken. Kezia’s unmarried and desperately timid Aunt Beryl is unsatisfied with her life and never shows her real self to others. Linda, Kezia’s mother pregnant with yet another child at times wishes to abandon the whole family and not even say goodbye. She visualizes her feelings for her husband in small packages, where she loves and respects her husband in one time to hate his later. His husband is a business tycoon who wants his roots in the country, which is the reason for their move from their town to their country home. He wishes for a son of his own. Modernism as Peter Child writes in his book is break away from convention. Katherine Mansfield’s brief life was also a lesson in casting off convention. Famously, Mansfield remarked ‘risk, risk everything’. She was rebellious in nature. She could not accept that all women have definite future of waiting for a husband as she wrote in one of her letter to her school friend when she was sixteen. In ‘Prelude’, Katherine explores the possibilities and discovery of the wide canvas of human life in the small domestic world of the Burrells. In the story, she questions the traditional believes of society, where a woman has the duty of getting married and bearing children for the family as Linda Murrell. Or the vacant side of a woman’s life where she stays at home and does the household chores. She has no profession of her own and no freedom of movement as in the case of the character of Aunt Beryl. Mansfield is a New Zealand writer. In her short life she has travelled to England and France but she had her roots firmly grounded in her native land. She uses her memories of childhood in her writing. He molds her characters on real people, places and even inscribes the colloquial speech of the country. ‘Prelude’ is a recount of one of the move her family made from their city home, from Tinakori Road in Wellington to Karori, five miles away to town. She reveals the insecurity and instability of her childhood connected with this repeated shift from one home to another. The portrayal of Linda Burrell is a depiction of her mother Annie Dyer, who has been described as ‘delicate and aloof’. Mrs. Linda Murrell is a character who keeps herself detached from the running of the household. It is her mother who runs the house. She has a neglecting attitude towards her daughters. She remains with her own dreams and expectations holed in her bedroom. She remains secluded from her family even when she is in midst of them: we find her on the easy chair rocking in the same room, where her husband and her sister are playing a game of crib. As she watches them, she thinks ‘how remote they look’. The character of Mr. Burrell is based on her father, Harold Beauchamp, who was a successful merchant. Mr. Murrell is a successful business man. He is a pompous man who prided himself of having a bargain regarding the new land which he now own. Rather than direct detail, her images stress on suggestion and implication. In Prelude she uses the images of plant aloe and birds to reveal the working of the mind of human beings.. The image of a rich young man under Linda’s window may imply that she wants to escape from her family and the rich household of her husband. The image of a child with bald head and bird may hint that she is overwhelmed with the burden of bearing one child after another. She likes the aloe so much because it has sharp thorns which restrict a person from coming near it. Also because it flowers every hundred years, Katherine Mansfield is the centre figure in the development of modern short story. She was born in New Zealand but spend much of her adult life in Europe. In the course of her adult life, she tried to extricate herself from the dominance of her family. She also removed herself from the expectation of society regarding women of her class. Her attitude towards life casts its shadow on her literary works. She writes without a conventional plot. Rather she concentrates on a particular point or crisis. She uses themes which are universal like isolation of man, the traditional role of men and women in society or the conflict between love and dissolution. The images in her works, elaborate farther the death of human psychology. References: Katherine Mansfield: Significance as a Writer [Internet], Katherine Mansfield Birthplace Society. Available from: < http://www. katherinemansfield. com/mansfield/signif. asp> [Accessed 31 August 2007] Akshaya Kumar. (2001) The icons of modernism with Euroamerican bias [Internet], available from: < http://www. tribuneindia. com/2001/20011216/spectrum/book1. htm> [Accessed 31 August 2007] Eric Eldred. â€Å"Prelude. † by Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) [Internet], available from: [Accessed 31 August 2007] Peter Child. Modernism [Internet], available from: [Accessed 31 August 2007] Katherine Mansfield: Short Story Moderniser [Internet], available from: [Accessed 31 August 2007] Manfred Jahn. (2005) Narratology: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative [Internet], available from: [Accessed 31 August 2007] Ismail S Talib. Narrative Theory [Internet], available from: [Accessed 31 August 2007]

Sexuality and the Grotesque in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay

Sexuality and the Grotesque in Toni Morrisons Beloved Grotesque images of rape, murder, and sexual abuse are recurring throughout Toni Morrisons novel Beloved. The ideals of the white oppressor, be it murder, rape, or sexual abuse were powerful forces that shaped the lives of many of the characters, especially the character Sethe. Rape and sexual abuse are two grotesque instances expressed throughout the novel. The most often referred to is the incident when Schoolteacher?s nephews stole Sethe?s breast milk but many other incidents included Paul D was forced to felicitate prison Guards on the chain gang every morning. Ella is locked up and repeatedly raped by a father and son she calls ?the worst yet?.†¦show more content†¦Violence and murder was also present throughout the novel, mostly caused by Schoolteacher. Schoolteacher burned Sixo, one of the sweet home boys, alive after attempting to escape. Paul A Garner, another sweet home boy, was tortured killed and hung ?headless and feetless? after being caught during escape. And after Sethe told on the boys who stole her breast milk to Mrs. garner, Schoolteacher ordered one of them to ?open up her back?. The beating she received from the nephews left a tree shaped myriad of scars ?with a trunk, branches, and even leaves? (Beloved 16). Another atrocious yet ?justifiable? murder was Sethe?s murder of her baby Beloved. ?Sethe kil ls her child so that no white man will ever ?dirty her,? so that no young man with ?mossy teeth? will ever hold down the child and suck her breasts? (Barnett 68). Her justification was to save Beloved from being returned to a life of slavery, rape, and murder. Another grotesque, a spiritual representation, was shown the character Beloved. ?The character Beloved is not just the ghost of Sethe?s dead child, she is a succubus, a female demon and nightmare figure that sexually assaults male sleepers and drain them of semen.? (Barnett 68) The character Beloved is able to take on different shapes to different people and haunts their dreams. At first driven out by the strong willed Paul D ?Beloved