Carrefour company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carrefour organization - Assignment Example things, items, food and stock and, optionally, giving inside the said stores all administrations that might bear some significance with the clients was the motivation behind setting up Carrefour (2012, p.272). This multi-design, multi-channel and multi-nearby gathering includes 9,994 stores which works in thirty three distinct nations. Followed by the principal hypermarket which was opened in 1963 in Sainte-Geneviã ¨ve-des-Bois (Essonne), the organization out-sourced in 1973, beginning business in Spain (2012, p.05). During the successive years Carrefour extended all through the Europe, America, Middle-East and Asia and at present, in excess of 10 million clients every year visit Carrefour stores while 25,000 providers give new food, basic food item and different things, for example, little house-hold products, materials, home apparatuses (photograph gear, DVDs, sound and mixed media hardware) to its stores which are set up around the world. The goal of the current examination is to break down the exercises and technique of Carrefour which prompts its upper hand in the market and embrace Porter’s five powers rivalry hypothesis model (Carrefour, 2012). The chief hazard factors in the business have been distinguished and ordered via Carrefour. These hazard factors incorporate, 1) business condition: Political and social condition, Economic condition and market instability, Environment, pressure and administrative changes, Changes in the division and the serious Environment, Natural calamities and environmental change, Terrorism and wrongdoing 2) methodology and administration: Strategy definition, alteration and execution, Compliance and reasonable practices, Corporate duty, Environment, Disputes/Litigation 3) tasks: Relevance and execution of monetary and plans of action, Operational and money related control of development and extension, Partnerships and diversifying, Control of the flexibly chain, Product quality, consistence and security, Safety of individuals and property, Human asset the executives, Continuity,

College Admissions Essay: A Pivotal Time in My Life :: College Admissions Essay

A Pivotal Time in My Life  My mom read The Yearling so anyone might hear to me when I was eight. I have consistently thought of that time - those evenings when she read, situated in the corridor outside the rooms, my sister tuning in from her room and me from mine - our rooms were dim, and the light was on Mother, and her voice was unmistakable and expressive; she was a decent peruser - I have thought of that as a vital time in my writing life. Perusing for me, up to that point, had been The Bobbsey Twins, Mary Poppins, Alice in Wonderland, Winnie the Pooh, and Nancy Drew: a mix of works of art and schlock, and I adored everything. However, it was independent from me. It was not genuine. They were stories, and they held my advantage and made me chuckle from time to time - yet they were rarely genuine. In any case, presently, with my own dad far away on business, my mom sat discreetly in that passage and read of the kid named Jody whose father, nibbled by a poisonous snake, is battling to live. He squeezed his face into hanging covers and cried sharply, my mom read of Jody (and I, tuning in, squeezed my own face into my cushion in anguish for Jody). He was torn with loathe for all passing and pity for all aloneness, she read. It was the book, The Yearling, and its impact on me, that coordinated my perusing from that point on. After I had met Jody Baxter, I would not like to spend time with Nan and Bert Bobbsey until the end of time.

100 Must-Read Books in and about Chicago

100 Must-Read Books in and about Chicago Ah, Chicago. The Windy City. The Second City. The Best City in the United States of America. The City with the Best Skyline, Certainly Better Than New York or Whatever. The City with the Best Pizza. The City of Hot Dogs, No Ketchup. Weve got 100 books in and about Chicago. We have fiction, nonfiction, and â€" bonus! â€" plays and poetry. Mystery, coming-of-age, adventure, history, sociology, race, class. We have it all. Oh, and a book about the 1985 Bears and another about Michael Jordan, because duh. Ever hear of a swell guy named Barack Obama? Hes from Chicago. Fiction 47th Street Black by Bayo Ojikutu An Abundance of Katherines by John Green The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow American Gods by Neil Gaiman Beautiful Bastard by Christina Lauren Binding Arbitration by Elizabeth Marx Black Iris by Leah Raeder Bodies in Motion: Stories by Mary Anne Mohanraj Building Stories by Chris Ware Caramelo by Sandra Cisneros Chasing Vermeer by Blue Balliett Chicago by Alaa Al Aswany Chicago Noir: The Classics by Joe Meno Chicago Stories: 40 Dramatic Fictions by Michael Czyzniejewski Coffee Will Make You Black by April Sinclair The Daughters by Adrienne Celt Divergent by Veronica Roth Divine Days by Leon Forrest The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore by Benjamin Hale A Fans Notes by Frederick Exley For Fallon by Soraya Naomi Free Burning by Bayo Ojikutu The Fugue by Gint Aras Generosity: An Enhancement by Richard Powers The Good Girl by Mary Kubica Good Kings Bad Kings by Susan Nussbaum Hairstyles of the Damned by Joe Meno The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros The Hundred-Year House by Rebecca Makkai I Sailed with Magellan by Stuart Dybek Indemnity Only by Sara Paretsky The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Kinda Sorta American Dream: Collected Stories by Steve Karas The Lazarus Project by Aleksandar Hemon Living With The Devil by Lori Hart, Cindy Hart Malicious Masquerade by Alan Cupp The Middlesteins by Jami Attenberg Native Son by Richard Wright Neanderthal Seeks Human by Penny Reid O, Democracy! by Kathleen Rooney The Old Neighborhood by Bill Hillmann The Paris Wife by Paula McLain Perfect Symmetry by Simone Elkeles A Proper Pursuit by Lynn Austin The Reason for Time by Mary Burns Secrets of Sloane House by Shelley Gray The Silent Wife by A.S.A. Harrison Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser So Big by Edna Ferber Something Like Summer by Jay Bell Sophomoric Philosophy by Victor David Giron Storm Front by Jim Butcher Then We Came to the End by Joshua Ferris The Time Traveler’s Wife by Audrey Niffenegger Vibrizzio by Nicki Elson White Collar Girl by Renee Rosen Yummy: The Last Days of a Southside Shorty by G. Neri Nonfiction American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto by Sudhir Venkatesh Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in the City by Mary Pattillo Blood Runs Green: The Murder That Transfixed Gilded Age Chicago by Gillian OBrien Bossypants by Tina Fey Chicago: City on the Make by Nelson Algren Chicago Flashbulbs: A Quarter Century of News, Politics, Sports, and Show Business by Cory Franklin Chicago Haunts: Ghostly Lore of the Windy City by Ursula Bielski City Life: Coming of Age in Chicago by John G. Linehan City of Scoundrels: The 12 Days of Disaster That Gave Birth to Modern Chicago by Gary Krist Cook County ICU: 30 Years of Unforgettable Patients and Odd Cases by Cory Franklin Crook County: Racism and Injustice in Americas Largest Criminal Court by Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve The Defender: How the Legendary Black Newspaper Changed America by Ethan Michaeli The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America by Erik Larson Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance by Barack Obama Family Properties: Race, Real Estate, and the Exploitation of Black Urban America by Beryl Satter Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets by Sudhir Venkatesh Gangland Chicago: Criminality and Lawlessness in the Windy City by Richard C Lindberg The Girls of Murder City: Fame, Lust, and the Beautiful Killers who Inspired Chicago by Douglas Perry Gold Coast Madam: The Secret Life of Rose Laws by Rose Laws High Rise Stories: Voices from Chicago Public Housing by Audrey Petty Just Add Water: Making the City of Chicago by Renee Kreczmer Lost Chicago by John Paulett Meaty: Essays by Samantha Irby Michael Jordan: The Life by Roland Lazenby Monsters: The 1985 Chicago Bears and the Wild Heart of Football by Rich Cohen My Kind of Sound: The Secret History of Chicago Music by Steve Krakow Negroland by Margo Jefferson Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor by Sudhir Venkatesh Relish: My Life in the Kitchen by Lucy Knisley Sin in the Second City: Madams, Ministers, Playboys, and the Battle for America’s Soul by Karen Abbott Slaughterhouse: Chicagos Union Stock Yard and the World It Made  by Dominic A. Pacyga The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation by Natalie Y. Moore South Side Girls: Growing Up in the Great Migration by Marcia Chatelain The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service by Laura Kaplan Strike for America: Chicago Teachers Against Austerity by Micah Uetricht Sweetness: The Enigmatic Life of Walter Payton by Jeff Pearlman There are No Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America by Alex Kotlowitz Who Do You Serve, Who Do You Protect? Police Violence and Resistance in the United States by Maya Schenwar The Working Mans Reward: Chicagos Early Suburbs and the Roots of American Sprawl by Elaine Lewinnek Yes Please by Amy Poehler Plays/Poetry Chicago Poems by Carl Sandburg Maud Martha by Gwendolyn Brooks A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry

Racism During The 19th Century - 1461 Words

During the 19th century, racism was an established and widely accepted ideology throughout the Antebellum South. Both Frederick Law Olmsted and John C. Calhoun portray typical racist ideology during the 19th century in Antebellum South. In his travelogue of the South, â€Å"A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States; With Remarks on Their Economy†, Olmsted advocated for the free soil movement. On the other hand, Calhoun advocated for slavery in his 1837 speech, â€Å"The ‘Positive Good’ of Slavery† before the United States Senate. The free soil movement was an anti-slavery movement that in fact did not advocate for equal rights among blacks and whites, but advocated that free men on free soil was a superior system to traditional slavery. Surprisingly, anti-slavery was much different to abolitionism. The goal of abolitionism was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the establishment of equal rights among blacks and whites. The goal of anti-slavery was th e eventual emancipation of all slaves with the understanding that blacks were inferior to whites. Although both advocated for two distinct social standards for the African American people, both had incorporated within their ideology the racist concept that African Americans and their ancestors were inferior to white Americans. Calhoun, during his speech before the Senate, argued the â€Å"Positive Good† of slavery. Calhoun attempted to sway his audience into believing that slavery was not the evil or immoral act as portrayed hisShow MoreRelatedRacism And Slavery During The 19th Century2451 Words   |  10 PagesRacism is not just restricted to slavery and blacks, racism can be applied to anyone, and in 19th century England this was a huge problem. The 19th century was a trying time for those who were concerned with the abolition of slavery, those who were opposed to it were greatly concerned about losing their wealth or just concerned with the principle of a lower race being free. However those who were opposed to slavery were sick of seeing other humans being treated so poorly and saw it as inhuman.Read MoreRelationship Between Race and Capitalism Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst the exploiter. Racism is primarily rooted in the historical development of capitalist as a world system. This has been proven through several centuries to be a flexible and useful method for the possessing classes. Racism justified genocide and conquest, on which established the European colonial empires. Racism rationalized the slave trade, which spurred the primitive accumulation of capital needed for the industrial revolution. The existence of racism may be explained in three waysRead MoreRediscovering The American Frontier Of The United States882 Words   |  4 Pagesexpansionism in the Frontier. However severe the conflicts were with the Native Americans many other conflicts arose, including on the Mexican Frontier. The United States during the mid-1800s was developing an interest in westward expansion into the Frontier. These ideas subconsciously then became the phenomenon of the 19th century, because Americans believed that in order to solidify America as one of the largest, most powerful countries in the world expansion within the North American continent wouldRead MoreRacism And Social Darwinism And Its Impact On The World958 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact of racism and Social Darwinism, so his response is understandable because he experienced the issues that took place. He was born on June 26, 1913, when France controlled Martinique, so he experienced colonial issues. More importantly, the author sa w how Europeans used colonialism against themselves when the Nazi’s exterminated the Jews. On a theoretical level, Cesaire demonstrated how white colonized themselves after the 19th century, but this already occurred before the 15th century. For exampleRead MoreInequality: Race And Racism. The Race Is A Social Construct1371 Words   |  6 PagesInequality: Race and Racism The race is a social construct that has real life consequences. The race is a fiction created by the dominant part of the society in order to legitimize their supremacy on those they wish to regulate. Racism: a term that was first coined by the Nazis in the 1930s in their attempt to make Germany clean of Jews . The race is a social construct that has both biological and cultural aspects but not based on scientific truths. The origin of the racial differences can be trackedRead MoreAmerican Racial Stereotyping Hampered Chinese Immigrants Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesnative-born Americans. Anti-Chinese sentiments greatly proliferated throughout the United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Sui Sin Far, the author of the short story â€Å"Her Chinese Husband,† delineates how the prejudice of society against interracial marriage between a white woman and a Chinese man challenges both Minnie Carson and Liu Kanghi as a couple in the late 19th century. On the other hand, Frank Norris, the author of the short story â€Å"The Third Circle,† depicts an engagedRead MoreThe Effect Of Slavery During The 19th Century1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Slavery Plato, a great philosopher, once stated, â€Å"Dictatorship naturally arises out of democracy, and the most aggravated form of tyranny and slavery out of the most extreme liberty.† During the 19th century in America, extreme liberty was exactly what the South had. The South was characterized by slavery not just because Southerners owned slaves, but because slavery directly affected the way of Southern life. Unfortunately, by enforcing the slaveholding liberties of white SouthernersRead MoreMark Twain s Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1562 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) Introduction Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835- April 21, 1910), commonly known as Mark Twain was an American writer whose works act as social commentary on issues including racism, poverty and class distinctions. His most distinguished novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) convey the vanquished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi Valley and life on the river. His unpretentious, colloquialRead MoreEssay Racism Has Always Existed in America570 Words   |  3 PagesRacism was evident in America since the time when the puritans crossed over the Atlantic to find new meaning and life. The Native American Indians were driven out, slaughtered and later confined to a territory similar to how the Chinese workers and immigrants were during the end of 19th century. The 100,000 Chinese living in the U.S. who sailed over to accumulate some wealth and go back to China, were subject to discriminatory treatment which was mainly due t o racial difference. They had to sufferRead MoreEssay On How Have We Fail1123 Words   |  5 Pagesto make that vision a reality since these values are the very foundation of America. But throughout history, America has suffered from racism, injustice, exploitation of labor and gender inequality, and is still suffering from such issues to some extent. Events like the establishment of Jim Crow system, thousands of labor strikes throughout the 19th and 20th century and the long struggle of women to earn equal rights only remind us of our failure. The belief that â€Å"all men are created equal† may have

International Relations Japan’s Engagement with China,...

Introduction The study of international relations rests on the premise that there is always a sensible way of explaining a nation’s grand strategy, for they would not survive otherwise. From the Classical Period to the Middle Ages, from the Renaissance to the twenty-first century, historians, statesman, and political theorists have attempted to provide reason and understanding behind the decisions made by nation-states. More often than not, whether through realism or liberalism, through social constructivism or even Marxism, the theories of international relations have been able to define the guidelines for decision-making. Yet, there are times when those choices are rather questionable, and a new explanation may be called for, one that†¦show more content†¦For this analysis, the level of engagement is measured in terms of economic indicators – official development, foreign direct investment, and trade – and by the absence of assertive policies (the pres ence of which would, under certain circumstances, signal a move away from engagement). Thus, the level of engagement is established on the upper threshold by high numbers of the indicators and by the absence or low concern of assertive policies against the emerging threat, and on the lower threshold by a decrease in the indicators, an increase in assertive policies, or both; these two extremes are â€Å"cooperativeShow MoreRelatedJapan And China Relations During The End Of World War II1856 Words   |  8 PagesJapan and China have been in cold relations ever since the end of World War II. 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Also discussed is China’s growing status as a world super power and how thatRead MoreComparison Between Japan and Russia13811 Words   |  56 PagesBackground 4 Tsunami Devastates Japan 5 History 6 Geographical facts 8 Demographical facts 9 Economic facts 11 FOREIGN RELATIONS 13 Governmental facts 15 Infrastructural facts 16 Russia 18 Background 18 History 18 Geographical facts 20 Demographical facts 20 Economical Facts 20 FOREIGN RELATIONS 22 Governmental facts 22 Infrastructural facts 22 Cultural dimensions according to Geert Hofstede 24 Individualism 25 Read More How the United States Must Handle China and Its Military in the 21st Century4404 Words   |  18 Pagespolicies, and project their military might all while working to advance the global system. Enticing China to become a responsible pillar of the global system will be one of the greatest challenges of coming decades for the United States and the Western world-particularly since it appears for the moment China is uninterested in playing such a role. This is the unique situation the United States and China find themselves in, with so many mutual interests, and as the global economy begins to slow, challengesRead MoreForeign Trade of China13010 Words   |  53 PagesForeign Trade of China K.C. Fung University of California, Santa Cruz Hitomi Iizaka University of California, Santa Cruz Sarah Tong University of Hong Kong June 2002 Paper prepared for an international conference on â€Å"China’s Economy in the 21st Century†, to be held on June 24-25, 2002, Hong Kong. We would like to thank Alan Siu and Richard Wong for their encouragement. 1. 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The Impact of the Printing Press on Education Free Essays

Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ HTML XHTML Tag Quick Reference This reference notes some of the most commonly used HTML and XHTML tags. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the Printing Press on Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not, nor is it intended to be, a comprehensive list of available tags. Details regarding the proper use of XHTML are at the end of this document. What It Is Basic Document Tags What It Does Indicates the start and end of an HTML Document Defines the portion of the document that contains essential formatting information. The material in the head is invisible. Defines the portion of the document that contains the visible information. Body Attributes What It Is What It Does Specifies the background color Specifies the text color Specifies the color of unfollowed links. Specifies the color of followed links. Specifies the color of links when they are clicked. NOTE: Body attributes may be combined within the body tag. Example: Text Tags What It Does The heading tags display text in sizes ranging from the ,, largest, h1, to the smallest, h6. These specifications ,, are intended to denote the importance data below the , heading. Specifies bold text. Specifies italics text. Specifies a typewriter or teletype-like text. Creates an emphasis on text that is rendered usually as italics, but sometimes as bold depending on the browser. Creates an emphasis on text that is usually rendered as bold, but sometimes as italics depending on the browser. Specifies the font size from 1 to 7. 1 is the largest, 7 the smallest, and 3 is generally the default size. Specifies font color. NOTE: Font attributes may be combined within the font tag. Example: Example of combined font attributes. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 What It Is Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Common Formatting Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Defines a paragraph. Defines paragraph alignment left, right, or center. Inserts a line break. Defines a block quote and indents text from both sides. Usually with some extra space above and below. Defines the beginning and end of an ordered list. Defines the beginning and end of an unordered list. Defines the beginning and end of a line within a list. Start a line with a number in an ordered list, and with a bullet in an unordered list. Image Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is (XHTML) What It Does Places and image. Specifies the alignment of an image; middle Specifies a border around and Specifies the alternative label for an for use nongraphical browsers. NOTE: Attributes within the font tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: What It Is (HTML) Horizontal Rule Tags What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Specifies the start of a horizontal rule. Specifies the height of a horizontal rule. Specifies the width of a horizontal 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 2 Interactive Media Center http://library. lbany. edu/imc/ rule in either pixels or percent. States that the horizontal rule should have no shade. NOTE: Attributes within the horizontal rule tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: Table Tags What It Is What It Does Specifies the beginning and end of a table. Specifies the beginning and end of a table row. Specifies the beginning and end of a table cell. Defines a table header. A normal cell with text that is bold and centered. Specifies the size of the border around a table and cells within the table. Specifies the space between cells. Specifies the amount of space between the border of a cell and the items within the cell. Specifies the width of a table in either pixels or percent. Specifies the alignment of contents in a row of cells as either left, right, or center. Specifies the alignment of contents in a cell as either left, right, or center. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in a row of cells as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in cell as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the number of columns a cell will span. Specifies the number of rows a cell will span. Stops text from automatically line wrapping. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 3 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML can be thought of as an upgraded and stricter version of HTML 4. 01. It is not much more difficult to write XHTML than it is to write properly formed HTML. There are some simple rules that must be followed. The most important rules are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ XHTML tags must all be in lower case. XHTML elements must be nested correctly. All XHTML tag elements must be closed. Documents written in XHTML must be well-formed. Examples of lower case rule: This is incorrect. This is correct. Examples of the nesting rule: This is incorrect nesting. This is correct nesting. Examples of the closed tag rule: This horizontal rule tag is not closed- This horizontal rule tag is closed- This image tag is not closed- This image tag is properly closed- Examples of the well-formed document rule: XHTML documents must have the proper structure. This means all components must be within the opening and closing HTML tags, . Internal elements must be correctly nested and located properly. The basic components and structure of an XHTML document are 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 4 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML Syntax Rules XHTML requires that some basic rules of syntax be followed. As with the tag rules noted above, XHTML syntax is not much more difficult that correctly formed HTML. These rules are, however, much stricter and must not be violated. These rules follow. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Attributes must be quoted. The Name attribute is replaced by the ID attribute Attribute shorthand must not be used. DOCTYPE statement must be used. The DOCTYPE statement is part of Document Type Definition, DTD, and is used to specify which syntax is used in the Web page. ) Examples of the quoted attribute rule: This is incorrect- This is correct- Examples of the Name attribute replacement rule: This is incorrect- This is the correct substitution- Examples of the no shorthand rule: This is an example of improper shorthand- This is the same tag corre ctly written without shorthand- Examples of DOCTYPE statements: This is a page without a statement 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 5 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Example of a page with a DOCTYPE statement Note that the DOCTYPE statement goes ahead of the opening HTML tag, . The statement is not part of the HTML document and does not have a closing tag. It is used to tell a browser how to render the document. There are three DOCTYPE statements. Statement used to create clutter-free presentations and when Cascading Style Sheets are used: Statement used when HTML presentational features are present and when it is desirable to support older browsers that do not understand Style Sheets: Statement used when frames are incorporated into the design of the page: 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 6 How to cite The Impact of the Printing Press on Education, Papers

The Impact of the Printing Press on Education Free Essays

Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ HTML XHTML Tag Quick Reference This reference notes some of the most commonly used HTML and XHTML tags. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the Printing Press on Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not, nor is it intended to be, a comprehensive list of available tags. Details regarding the proper use of XHTML are at the end of this document. What It Is Basic Document Tags What It Does Indicates the start and end of an HTML Document Defines the portion of the document that contains essential formatting information. The material in the head is invisible. Defines the portion of the document that contains the visible information. Body Attributes What It Is What It Does Specifies the background color Specifies the text color Specifies the color of unfollowed links. Specifies the color of followed links. Specifies the color of links when they are clicked. NOTE: Body attributes may be combined within the body tag. Example: Text Tags What It Does The heading tags display text in sizes ranging from the ,, largest, h1, to the smallest, h6. These specifications ,, are intended to denote the importance data below the , heading. Specifies bold text. Specifies italics text. Specifies a typewriter or teletype-like text. Creates an emphasis on text that is rendered usually as italics, but sometimes as bold depending on the browser. Creates an emphasis on text that is usually rendered as bold, but sometimes as italics depending on the browser. Specifies the font size from 1 to 7. 1 is the largest, 7 the smallest, and 3 is generally the default size. Specifies font color. NOTE: Font attributes may be combined within the font tag. Example: Example of combined font attributes. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 What It Is Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Common Formatting Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Defines a paragraph. Defines paragraph alignment left, right, or center. Inserts a line break. Defines a block quote and indents text from both sides. Usually with some extra space above and below. Defines the beginning and end of an ordered list. Defines the beginning and end of an unordered list. Defines the beginning and end of a line within a list. Start a line with a number in an ordered list, and with a bullet in an unordered list. Image Tags What It Is (HTML) What It Is (XHTML) What It Does Places and image. Specifies the alignment of an image; middle Specifies a border around and Specifies the alternative label for an for use nongraphical browsers. NOTE: Attributes within the font tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: What It Is (HTML) Horizontal Rule Tags What It Is What It Does (XHTML) Specifies the start of a horizontal rule. Specifies the height of a horizontal rule. Specifies the width of a horizontal 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 2 Interactive Media Center http://library. lbany. edu/imc/ rule in either pixels or percent. States that the horizontal rule should have no shade. NOTE: Attributes within the horizontal rule tag may be combined. Example in HTML: Example in XHTML: Table Tags What It Is What It Does Specifies the beginning and end of a table. Specifies the beginning and end of a table row. Specifies the beginning and end of a table cell. Defines a table header. A normal cell with text that is bold and centered. Specifies the size of the border around a table and cells within the table. Specifies the space between cells. Specifies the amount of space between the border of a cell and the items within the cell. Specifies the width of a table in either pixels or percent. Specifies the alignment of contents in a row of cells as either left, right, or center. Specifies the alignment of contents in a cell as either left, right, or center. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in a row of cells as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the vertical alignment of contents in cell as either top, bottom, or middle. Specifies the number of columns a cell will span. Specifies the number of rows a cell will span. Stops text from automatically line wrapping. 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 3 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML can be thought of as an upgraded and stricter version of HTML 4. 01. It is not much more difficult to write XHTML than it is to write properly formed HTML. There are some simple rules that must be followed. The most important rules are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ XHTML tags must all be in lower case. XHTML elements must be nested correctly. All XHTML tag elements must be closed. Documents written in XHTML must be well-formed. Examples of lower case rule: This is incorrect. This is correct. Examples of the nesting rule: This is incorrect nesting. This is correct nesting. Examples of the closed tag rule: This horizontal rule tag is not closed- This horizontal rule tag is closed- This image tag is not closed- This image tag is properly closed- Examples of the well-formed document rule: XHTML documents must have the proper structure. This means all components must be within the opening and closing HTML tags, . Internal elements must be correctly nested and located properly. The basic components and structure of an XHTML document are 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 4 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ XHTML Syntax Rules XHTML requires that some basic rules of syntax be followed. As with the tag rules noted above, XHTML syntax is not much more difficult that correctly formed HTML. These rules are, however, much stricter and must not be violated. These rules follow. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Attributes must be quoted. The Name attribute is replaced by the ID attribute Attribute shorthand must not be used. DOCTYPE statement must be used. The DOCTYPE statement is part of Document Type Definition, DTD, and is used to specify which syntax is used in the Web page. ) Examples of the quoted attribute rule: This is incorrect- This is correct- Examples of the Name attribute replacement rule: This is incorrect- This is the correct substitution- Examples of the no shorthand rule: This is an example of improper shorthand- This is the same tag corre ctly written without shorthand- Examples of DOCTYPE statements: This is a page without a statement 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 5 Interactive Media Center http://library. albany. edu/imc/ Example of a page with a DOCTYPE statement Note that the DOCTYPE statement goes ahead of the opening HTML tag, . The statement is not part of the HTML document and does not have a closing tag. It is used to tell a browser how to render the document. There are three DOCTYPE statements. Statement used to create clutter-free presentations and when Cascading Style Sheets are used: Statement used when HTML presentational features are present and when it is desirable to support older browsers that do not understand Style Sheets: Statement used when frames are incorporated into the design of the page: 9/03 R. Lipera v. 2. 2 6 How to cite The Impact of the Printing Press on Education, Papers